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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bremsstrahlung</span></h1>
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<p><b>Bremsstrahlung</b> ist die <a href="Elektromagnetische_Welle" title="Elektromagnetische Welle">elektromagnetische Strahlung</a>, die durch die <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a> eines <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrisch geladenen</a> Teilchens, z.&nbsp;B. eines <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektrons</a>, entsteht. Von Bremsstrahlung im engeren Sinne spricht man, wenn Teilchen in <a href="Materie" title="Materie">Materie</a> gebremst werden; die klassische Bedeutung ist die Erzeugung von Röntgenstrahlung durch auf Metall treffende Elektronen in der <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenr%C3%B6hre" title="Röntgenröhre">Röntgenröhre</a>.
</p><p>Entgegen der Namensgebung tritt Bremsstrahlung nicht nur dann auf, wenn sich der Betrag der Geschwindigkeit der geladenen Partikel verringert, sondern auch, wenn er sich vergrößert oder sich deren Bewegungsrichtung ändert.
</p><p>Mit der <a href="Quantenelektrodynamik" title="Quantenelektrodynamik">Quantenelektrodynamik</a> lässt sich die Erzeugung von Bremsstrahlung dadurch erklären, dass jede Wechselwirkung von geladenen Teilchen mit der Emission oder Absorption von <a href="Photon" title="Photon">Photonen</a>, den Quanten der elektromagnetischen Strahlung, verbunden ist.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auftreten_bzw._Anwendung">Auftreten bzw. Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Der Effekt der Bremsstrahlung wird in <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenr%C3%B6hre" title="Röntgenröhre">Röntgenröhren</a> zur Erzeugung von <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlung" title="Röntgenstrahlung">Röntgenstrahlung</a> verwendet. Dabei treffen Elektronen mit einer <a href="Kinetische_Energie" title="Kinetische Energie">kinetischen Energie</a> ab 30&nbsp;k<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a> auf eine Metallplatte, die häufig aus <a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> besteht. Ein kleiner Teil der beim Abbremsen frei werdenden Energie wird in Röntgenstrahlung mit einem kontinuierlichen <a href="Spektrum_(Physik)" title="Spektrum (Physik)">Spektrum</a> (<b>Röntgenkontinuum</b>) umgewandelt.
</p><p>Bei <a href="Teilchenbeschleuniger" title="Teilchenbeschleuniger">Teilchenbeschleunigern</a> (vor allem bei <a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotronen</a>) und bei <a href="Speicherringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Speicherringe">Speicherringen</a> entsteht bei der Ablenkung geladener Teilchen durch ein <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeld</a> Strahlung nach dem gleichen Prinzip, die hier jedoch <a href="Synchrotronstrahlung" title="Synchrotronstrahlung">Synchrotronstrahlung</a> genannt wird.
</p><p>Bremsstrahlung kann außerdem die Entwicklung und Gestalt <a href="Elektrische_Entladung" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrische Entladung">elektrischer Entladungen</a> beeinflussen<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie hochenergetische <a href="Terrestrischer_Gammablitz" title="Terrestrischer Gammablitz">terrestrische Gammablitze</a> und <a href="Positron" title="Positron">Positronen</a> erzeugen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physik_der_Bremsstrahlung">Physik der Bremsstrahlung</h2></div>
<p>Das elektromagnetische Feld bewegter Ladungen wird durch die <a href="Li%C3%A9nard-Wiechert-Potential" title="Liénard-Wiechert-Potential">Liénard-Wiechert-Potentiale</a> beschrieben. Danach sind das elektrische Feld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}">
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {E}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }}}{\gamma ^{2}(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R^{2}}}\right]_{\text{ret}}+{\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\\{\vec {B}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\left[{\vec {n}}\times {\vec {E}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {E}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }}}{\gamma ^{2}(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R^{2}}}\right]_{\text{ret}}+{\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\\{\vec {B}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\left[{\vec {n}}\times {\vec {E}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df219e8698af895381965ca04616b432a4f5c2c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.505ex; width:71.185ex; height:14.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {E}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }}}{\gamma ^{2}(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R^{2}}}\right]_{\text{ret}}+{\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}R}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\\{\vec {B}}({\vec {x}},t)&amp;={\frac {1}{c}}\left[{\vec {n}}\times {\vec {E}}\right]_{\text{ret}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es bezeichnen
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<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}">
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<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
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<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> die elektrische Ladung des Teilchens,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d85bd97d72bdf88c13f0cde79182c5eedfba982e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.417ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Geschwindigkeit in Einheiten der Lichtgeschwindigkeit,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Lorentzfaktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzfaktor">Lorentzfaktor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =(1-\beta ^{2})^{-1/2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =(1-\beta ^{2})^{-1/2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/350468218f42081ca280455c7ed38d9cc8497a16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.541ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =(1-\beta ^{2})^{-1/2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> die Lichtgeschwindigkeit,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Elektrische_Feldkonstante" title="Elektrische Feldkonstante">Elektrische Feldkonstante</a> und</li>
<li>das Subskript <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ret}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ret</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ret}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9a4e3d6e61f0f690ee2c0da4e81352253f69336.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.849ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ret}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass die Argumente zur <a href="Retardiertes_Potential" title="Retardiertes Potential">retardierten</a> Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=t-R/c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=t-R/c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c816a7917fa7545b244c244f551218c33765d70b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.236ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=t-R/c}" loading="lazy"></span> auszuwerten sind.</li></ul>
<p>In dieser Form sind die elektrischen und magnetischen Felder in ein <a href="Geschwindigkeitsfeld" title="Geschwindigkeitsfeld">Geschwindigkeitsfeld</a>, das nur von der momentanen Geschwindigkeit abhängt, und ein Beschleunigungsfeld unterteilt. Das Beschleunigungfeld hat dabei eine Abhängigkeit proportional zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a362806e220bd4ab2a27e589b42bd01f7a6f28a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.089ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/R}" loading="lazy"></span>, sodass seine <a href="Leistungsdichte" title="Leistungsdichte">Leistungsdichte</a> im Unendlichen nicht verschwindet. Es ist daher ein Strahlungsfeld.
</p><p>Die Komponente des <a href="Poynting-Vektor" title="Poynting-Vektor">Poynting-Vektors</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c71a6b104c40975c738d5f0e22d445ebd509eb81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.538ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dieses Strahlungsfeldes in Beobachtungsrichtung, was der Leistungsdichte entspricht, ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {S}}\right]_{\text{ret}}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left|{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}}}\right|^{2}\right]_{\text{ret}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ret</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ret</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {S}}\right]_{\text{ret}}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left|{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}}}\right|^{2}\right]_{\text{ret}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a46f90f3b4274b938c2674d5b0a575a7d8f6897.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:50.309ex; height:9.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {S}}\right]_{\text{ret}}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left[{\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left|{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{3}}}\right|^{2}\right]_{\text{ret}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>entsprechend der abgestrahlten Leistung zur retardierten Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a69b623f18f6b111645f0ec200b3271729fa99af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.524ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'}" loading="lazy"></span> pro Raumwinkelemenent <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5cb2022aad2a56faa7dba4036164c4734d8f5a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P(t')}{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}{\frac {\left|{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]\right|^{2}}{(1-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {\beta }})^{5}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P(t')}{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}{\frac {\left|{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]\right|^{2}}{(1-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {\beta }})^{5}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/311c1e147c0af1ea599b6a05637ef5c47187e36f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:39.461ex; height:9.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} P(t')}{\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}c}}{\frac {\left|{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]\right|^{2}}{(1-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {\beta }})^{5}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist die relativistische Verallgemeinerung der <a href="Larmor-Formel" title="Larmor-Formel">Larmor-Formel</a> für den Energieverlust beschleunigter Ladungen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das Frequenzspektrum der Bremsstrahlung ergibt sich nach einer <a href="Fourier-Transformation" title="Fourier-Transformation">Fourier-Transformation</a> der abgestrahlten Gesamtenergie zu<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}I}{\mathrm {d} \omega \,\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{2}}}e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\omega ^{2}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\vec {n}}\times ({\vec {n}}\times {\vec {\beta }})e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}}">
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<mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
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<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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</mfrac>
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<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}I}{\mathrm {d} \omega \,\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{2}}}e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\omega ^{2}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\vec {n}}\times ({\vec {n}}\times {\vec {\beta }})e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6f137d7d8318c0473a3776ff87a29aa4649bd89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:105.704ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}I}{\mathrm {d} \omega \,\mathrm {d} \Omega }}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\frac {{\vec {n}}\times [({\vec {n}}-{\vec {\beta }})\times {\dot {\vec {\beta }}}]}{(1-{\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {n}})^{2}}}e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}={\frac {q^{2}}{16\pi ^{3}\varepsilon _{0}c}}\omega ^{2}\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} t\,{\vec {n}}\times ({\vec {n}}\times {\vec {\beta }})e^{\mathrm {i} \omega (t-{\vec {n}}\cdot {\vec {x}}(t)/c)}\right|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der <a href="Intensit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Intensität (Physik)">Intensität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li>der <a href="Winkelfrequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Winkelfrequenz">Winkelfrequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li>der <a href="Bahnkurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnkurve">Bahnkurve</a> des geladenen Teilchens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d1a21f93f4898468d3be62d985d996a11b8f561.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spektralverteilung_der_Bremsstrahlung_einer_Röntgenröhre"><span id="Spektralverteilung_der_Bremsstrahlung_einer_R.C3.B6ntgenr.C3.B6hre"></span>Spektralverteilung der Bremsstrahlung einer Röntgenröhre</h2></div>

<p>Zu kurzen <a href="Wellenl%C3%A4nge" title="Wellenlänge">Wellenlängen</a> hin hat das Spektrum eine Grenzwellenlänge, die der kinetischen Energie der Elektronen entspricht. Diese kürzestmögliche Wellenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64ea3119663acba9c21de96f1a4512e57f3b4d3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.328ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}" loading="lazy"></span> (siehe <a href="Duane-Hunt-Gesetz" title="Duane-Hunt-Gesetz">Duane-Hunt-Gesetz</a>) tritt auf, wenn die gesamte kinetische Energie des Elektrons in die <a href="Strahlungsenergie" title="Strahlungsenergie">Strahlungsenergie</a> eines einzigen <a href="Photon" title="Photon">Photons</a> umgewandelt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&amp;E_{\text{kinetisch}}&amp;&amp;=E_{\text{Photon}}\\\Leftrightarrow \quad &amp;e\cdot U&amp;&amp;=h\cdot f\end{alignedat}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>kinetisch</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Photon</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&amp;E_{\text{kinetisch}}&amp;&amp;=E_{\text{Photon}}\\\Leftrightarrow \quad &amp;e\cdot U&amp;&amp;=h\cdot f\end{alignedat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c78f427408e46ffdf8832a1e9dbb5dc630d62d7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.98ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&amp;E_{\text{kinetisch}}&amp;&amp;=E_{\text{Photon}}\\\Leftrightarrow \quad &amp;e\cdot U&amp;&amp;=h\cdot f\end{alignedat}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der <a href="Elementarladung" title="Elementarladung">Elementarladung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> des Elektrons</li>
<li>der Beschleunigungs- bzw. Anoden<a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">spannung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenr%C3%B6hre" title="Röntgenröhre">Röntgenröhre</a></li>
<li>der <a href="Planck-Konstante" title="Planck-Konstante">Planck-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4dc0fb0b3be8b879ff12bb534c0b82ff36f7eb7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.568ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<i>c</i> für die <a href="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit">Lichtgeschwindigkeit</a>)</dd></dl>
<p>folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {h\cdot c}{e\cdot U}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {h\cdot c}{e\cdot U}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0ad0059da36311def357e98790ff2845ff597f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.776ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {h\cdot c}{e\cdot U}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Grenzwellenlänge hängt also nur von der durchlaufenen <a href="Beschleunigungsspannung" title="Beschleunigungsspannung">Beschleunigungsspannung</a> (<a href="Anodenspannung" title="Anodenspannung">Anodenspannung</a>) ab, sie ist unabhängig vom Anodenmaterial. Die Form des Spektrums hingegen hängt ab von der <a href="Geschwindigkeitsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschwindigkeitsverteilung">Geschwindigkeitsverteilung</a> der Elektronen und dem verwendeten Metall.
</p><p>Durch Einsetzen der <a href="Physikalische_Konstante" title="Physikalische Konstante">Naturkonstanten</a> <i>h,</i> <i>c</i> und <i>e</i> ergibt sich die zugeschnittene <a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fengleichung" title="Größengleichung">Größengleichung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {1{,}24\cdot 10^{-6}\,\mathrm {V} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{U}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {1{,}24\cdot 10^{-6}\,\mathrm {V} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{U}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff1b7bbd2fac9e5df502dd3088cd694aa3eeb43c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:24.478ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}={\frac {1{,}24\cdot 10^{-6}\,\mathrm {V} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{U}}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Bei einer Beschleunigungsspannung von <i>U</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;25&nbsp;kV beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64ea3119663acba9c21de96f1a4512e57f3b4d3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.328ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}" loading="lazy"></span> demnach 0,05&nbsp;<a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>. Diese Strahlung vermag bereits normales <a href="Glas" title="Glas">Glas</a> und dünne <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>platten zu durchdringen. Daher müssen bei Farb-<a href="Bildr%C3%B6hre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bildröhre">Bildröhren</a>, die mit Beschleunigungsspannungen von 25 bis 27&nbsp;kV arbeiten (Schwarzweiß-Bildröhre: ca. 18&nbsp;kV), Maßnahmen zum <a href="Strahlenschutz" title="Strahlenschutz">Strahlenschutz</a> getroffen werden. Man verwendet <a href="Bleiglas" title="Bleiglas">Bleiglas</a> für den Kolben.
</p><p>Die kontinuierliche Energieverteilung der Bremsstrahlung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} f}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55d3d63c8c623a157cb395a04167b4e7c0956b73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:3.006ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} f}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn Elektronen in ein Material eintreten, ist nach Kramers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> über die Frequenz linear. Nach Umrechnung in die Wellenlängendarstellung ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ{h}{c}\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ{h}{c}\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/550ecfee2b4ed16505f0e0423644ca318f00caa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.874ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} E}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ{h}{c}\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd>der dimensionslosen Kramersschen Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd>dem Elektronenstrom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> und</dd>
<dd>der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> der Atome des Materials <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Bezogen auf die spektrale Anzahldichte der Photonen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d98f42c4225f882de8b14d6c132bed70407f73c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.736ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1aed28b15f8e11fec9aec17c4d857a787bebab97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.794ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} n}{\mathrm {d} \lambda }}=KIZ\left({\frac {\lambda }{\lambda _{\mathrm {min} }}}-1\right){\frac {1}{\lambda ^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei realen Spektren von Röntgenemissionen wird die entstehende Bremsstrahlung durch verschiedene Effekte überlagert. Hinzu kommt insbesondere die <a href="Charakteristische_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlung" title="Charakteristische Röntgenstrahlung">charakteristische Strahlung</a> (Peaks in der Abb.), die ein <a href="Emissionsspektrum" title="Emissionsspektrum">Emissionsspektrum</a> der Atome des Materials darstellt, sowie dessen <a href="Absorptionsbande" title="Absorptionsbande">Absorptionsbanden</a>, da die Bremsstrahlung unter der Materialoberfläche entsteht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektron-Elektron-Bremsstrahlung">Elektron-Elektron-Bremsstrahlung</h2></div>
<p>Ein für kleine Ordnungszahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> wichtiger Prozess ist die <a href="Streuung_(Physik)" title="Streuung (Physik)">Streuung</a> freier Elektronen an den <a href="Schalenmodell_(Atomphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Atomphysik)">Schalen</a>elektronen eines Atoms oder Moleküls.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da diese Elektron-Elektron-Bremsstrahlung eine Funktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Elektron-Kern-Bremsstrahlung jedoch eine Funktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z^{2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfdedbecbb7f9adaad0a019a1466a836696d551e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.763ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, kann die Elektron-Elektron-Bremsstrahlung für <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a> vernachlässigt werden. Für Luft jedoch spielt sie eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erzeugung <a href="Terrestrischer_Gammablitz" title="Terrestrischer Gammablitz">terrestrischer Gammablitze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bremsstrahlung?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Bremsstrahlung</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Bremsstrahlung">Wiktionary: Bremsstrahlung</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Köhn, O. Chanrion, T. Neubert: <i>The influence of bremsstrahlung on electric discharge streamers in N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures.</i> Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (2017), Vol. 26, 015006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/26/1/015006" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1088/0963-0252/26/1/015006">doi:10.1088/0963-0252/26/1/015006</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Köhn, U. Ebert: <i>Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons, and protons associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes.</i> Journal Geophys. Res. (2015), Vol. 120, S. 1620–1635. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022229" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/2014JD022229">doi:10.1002/2014JD022229</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John David Jackson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Elektrodynamik</cite>. 3. Auflage. De Gruyter, Berlin • New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-016502-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>766</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bremsstrahlung&amp;rft.au=John+David+Jackson&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Elektrodynamik&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3110165023&amp;rft.pages=766&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%E2%80%A2+New+York&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John David Jackson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Elektrodynamik</cite>. 3. Auflage. De Gruyter, Berlin • New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-016502-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>771–772</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bremsstrahlung&amp;rft.au=John+David+Jackson&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Elektrodynamik&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3110165023&amp;rft.pages=771-772&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%E2%80%A2+New+York&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John David Jackson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Elektrodynamik</cite>. 3. Auflage. De Gruyter, Berlin • New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-016502-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>779</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bremsstrahlung&amp;rft.au=John+David+Jackson&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Elektrodynamik&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3110165023&amp;rft.pages=779&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%E2%80%A2+New+York&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Universität Ulm: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-ulm.de/fileadmin/website_uni_ulm/nawi.inst.251/Didactics/quantenchemie/html/RontgenF.html">Röntgenbremsstrahlung</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">XCIII. On the theory of X-ray absorption and of the continuous X-ray spectrum H. A. Kramers in Philos. Mag. Ser. 6, 1923, S. 46 Pages 836–871 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442308565244" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/14786442308565244">doi:10.1080/14786442308565244</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frédéric Tessier, Iwan Kawrakow: <cite style="font-style:italic">Calculation of the electron–electron bremsstrahlung cross-section in the field of atomic electrons</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>266</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>625–634</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.063">10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.063</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Bremsstrahlung&amp;rft.atitle=Calculation+of+the+electron-electron+bremsstrahlung+cross-section+in+the+field+of+atomic+electrons&amp;rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Tessier%2C+Iwan+Kawrakow&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.nimb.2007.11.063&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Instruments+and+Methods+in+Physics+Research+Section+B&amp;rft.pages=625-634&amp;rft.volume=266" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Köhn, U. Ebert: <i>The importance of electron-electron Bremsstrahlung for terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, electron beams and electron-positron beams.</i> J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys. as Fast Track Communication (2014), vol. 47, 252001. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/47/25/252001">abstract</a>)</span>
</li>
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